Challenge
The emergence of pandemics, such as COVID-19, highlights the need for improved monitoring, modelling, and early diagnosis of diseases. Pandemics cause widespread human casualties, strain health systems, and disrupt economies and critical infrastructures. The cascading effects of pandemics exacerbate vulnerabilities, making it essential to develop comprehensive strategies to mitigate these impacts. Civil protection agencies require robust tools to analyse and understand the interdependencies among critical infrastructures, ensuring continuity of operations and services during pandemics.